Classification (APG IV)
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Leonurus
Species: Siberian motherwort - Leonurus sibiricus L.

Botanical description
Siberian motherwort (Leonurus sibiricus) is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae), belonging to the genus Leonurus. The plant grows upright, reaching a height of up to 50(-60) cm. The stem is square-shaped, branched, and covered with fine hairs. The leaf blades measure 4-12 x 5-15 cm, are deeply 3-5-lobed, finely hairy, pointed at the tip, tapering at the base, and have hairy margins. Petioles are 2.5-10 cm long.

The flowers are located in the axils of the leaves and have a diameter of 1.5-2 cm. Bracts are 2-3 mm long and spiny. The perianth is double and five-parted. The sepals are fused, bell-shaped, green, 4.5-8.5 mm long, and finely hairy. The petals are pointed at the tips, and the corolla is deeply bilabiate, lavender-colored, 1.1-1.2 cm long, and hairy. The upper lip is slightly longer than the lower lip. The stamens are slightly shorter than the upper lip and violet in color. Each flower produces four seeds, which are 2.5 mm long, triangular, wedge-shaped, light brown, and smooth. [1]

Distribution
Native to Asia, Siberian motherwort has been widely introduced in tropical America and is occasionally found in wastelands in temperate regions. It is a common weed in disturbed, open, moist areas. It is widespread in the Carolinas and islands such as St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Tortola, thriving in regions from the tropics to subtemperate climates. [1]

Effects and uses
Siberian motherwort contains numerous pharmacologically active compounds, including terpenoids (di- and triterpenes), phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and several alkaloids such as cycloleonurine, leoheterine, leonurine, leonurinine, leuronurine, prehispanolone, preleoheterine, and stachydrine. [2]

The plant is used in East Asia, Europe, and the USA, primarily for treating gynecological conditions. Studies have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. [2,3] Other investigated properties include analgesic, hemostatic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and allelopathic effects. [2]

References
1. WFO (2023): Leonurus sibiricus L. Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000224723. Accessed on: December 31, 2023.
2. Sayed, A., Alam, M. A., Islam, M. S., & Ali, M. T. (2016). Leonurus sibiricus L. (honeyweed): A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.10.003
3. Kim, J. H., Kim, M., Jung, H. S., & Sohn, Y. (2019). Leonurus sibiricus L. ethanol extract promotes osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoclast formation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 44(3), 913–926. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4269

Süstemaatiline kuuluvus (APG IV)
Riik: Taimed (Plantae)
Klaad: Soontaimed (Tracheophyta)
Klaad: Katteseemnetaimed (Angiospermae)
Klaad: Päriskaheidulehelised (Eudicotyledonae)
Selts: Iminõgeselaadsed (Lamiales)
Sugukond: Huulõielised (Lamiaceae)
Perekond: Südamerohi (Leonurus)
Liik: Siberi südamerohi - Leonurus sibiricus L.

Botaaniline kirjeldus
Siberi südamerohi on ühe või kaheaastane rohttaim huulõieliste sugukonnast, perekonnast südamerohi. Taim on püstine, kuni 50 (-60) cm kõrgune. Vars on neljakandiline, harunev ja kaetud peente karvakestega. Lehelabad on mõõtmetega 4-12 x 5-15 cm, need on sügavalt 3-5-lõhelised, peenekarvalised, teravatipulised, aluselt ahenevad ja karvaste servadega; leherootsud 2,5-10 cm pikad.

Õied paiknevad lehtede kaenaldes ja on 1,5-2 cm läbimõõduga; Kandelehed 2-3 mm pikkused, ogadega. Õiekate kaheli, viietine. Tupplehed liitlehised, kellukjad, rohelised, 4.5-8.5 mm pikad, peenekarvalised. Kroonlehed teritunud tippudega; õiekroon sügavalt kahehuuleline, lavendelvärviline, 1.1-1.2 cm pikk, karvane. Ülemine huul veidi pikem kui alumine; tolmukad ülemisest huulest veidi lühemad, tolmukad violetse värvusega. Igas õies moodustub 4 seemet, mis on 2.5 mm pikad, kolmekandilised, kiilkujulised, helepruunid, siledad. [1]

Levila
Looduslikult pärit Aasiast, laialdaselt sisse toodud troopilises Ameerikas ja aeg-ajalt leitav meie piirkonna jäätmaadel. Levinud umbrohuna häiritud, avatud, niisketes kohtades. Carolina, samuti St. Croixil, St. Thomasel ja Tortolal; pärit Aasiast, kuid levinud troopilisest kuni subtemperatuurse Ameerikani. [1]

Toime ja kasutamine
Siberi südamerohi sisaldab suurel hulgal farmakoloogiliselt huvipakkuvaid ühendeid sh terpenoide (di- ja triterpeenid), fenoolseid ühendeid, flavinoide ning mitmeid alkaloide (tsükloleonuriniin, leoheteriin, leonuriin, leonuriniin, leuronuriin, prehispanoloon, preleoheteriin ja stahüdriin) [2]

Taime kasutatakse Ida-Aasias, Euroopas ja USA, kus selle peamiseks kasutusalaks on günekoloogiliste haiguste ravi. Uuringud on näidanud, et taim avaldab põletikuvastast ja antioksüdantset toimet. [2,3] Lisaks on uuritud taime valuvaigistavat, verejooksu peatavat, antidiabeetiline, antibakteriaalne ja allelopaatilist toimet. [2].

Kasutatud allikad
1. WFO (2023): Leonurus sibiricus L. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000224723. Accessed on: 31 Dec 2023
2. Sayed, A., Alam, M. A., Islam, M. S., & Ali, M. T. (2016). Leonurus sibiricus L. (honeyweed): A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.10.003
3. Kim, J. H., Kim, M., Jung, H. S., & Sohn, Y. (2019). Leonurus sibiricus L. ethanol extract promotes osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoclast formation. International journal of molecular medicine, 44(3), 913–926. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4269