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Classification (APG IV)
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Foeniculum
Species: Fennel - Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Botanical Description
Fennel is a perennial, aromatic herb belonging to the Apiaceae family. The plant can grow up to 2.5 meters tall. The stem is hollow, erect, bluish-green, and finely grooved. The leaves are pinnate, with thread-like segments. The inflorescence is a compound umbel containing numerous small flowers. The primary umbel has 6–29 (sometimes up to 40) rays, while the secondary umbels contain 14–39 flowers, each with pedicels ranging from 2 to 10 mm in length. The involucral bracts are absent.
The flowers are radially symmetrical (actinomorphic), with a simple, pentamerous perianth. The corolla is yellow, and the petals measure up to 1 mm in diameter. The fruit is a dry schizocarp, splitting into two mericarps when mature. [1,2]
Distribution
Fennel is native to the Mediterranean coastal regions but has become widely naturalized in many parts of the world, especially in coastal and riverbank areas with dry soils. [3]
Effects and Usage
The fleshy bulb of fennel contains sugars, starch, proteins, and essential minerals, including calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron salts, as well as provitamin A, vitamins B1, B2, C, and E. The seeds and leaves contain essential oils, along with fixed oils, proteins, and small amounts of sugar. Fennel has an appetite-stimulating and digestive-enhancing effect. Eating the bulb improves metabolism, while fennel leaves and seeds are used in herbal teas for colds and kidney function regulation.
Fennel has been used in traditional medicine worldwide for a variety of health conditions. It has been applied internally for stomach pains, nausea, arthritis, cancer, infant colic, conjunctivitis, constipation, poisoning, diarrhea, fever, bloating, gastritis, insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome, kidney disorders, urinary problems, leukorrhea, liver pain, and mouth ulcers. Additionally, fennel has been used as an emmenagogue (to promote menstruation) and as a mild laxative. [2-4]
References
1. WFO (2024): Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000691487. Accessed on: 05 Jan 2024.
2. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, December 23). Dill. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 05:46, January 5, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dill&oldid=1191468654.
3. Shamkant B. Badgujar, Vainav V. Patel, Atmaram H. Bandivdekar. Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology, BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 842674, 32 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/842674.
4. Ravalepik, A. (n.d.). Fennel treats respiratory diseases and accelerates metabolism. Alkeemia. Retrieved from https://alkeemia.delfi.ee/artikkel/72510273/fenkol-ehk-apteegitill-ravib-edukalt-hingamisteede-haigusi-ja-kiirendab-ainevahetust.
Süstemaatiline kuuluvus (APG IV)
Riik: Taimed (Plantae)
Klaad: Soontaimed (Tracheophyta)
Klaad: Katteseemnetaimed (Angiospermae)
Klaad: Päriskaheidulehelised (Eudicotyledonae)
Selts: Sarikalaadsed (Apiales)
Sugukond: Sarikalised (Apiaceae)
Perekond: Apteegitill (Foeniculum)
Liik: Harilik apteegitill - Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Botaaniline kirjeldus
Harilik apteegitill on mitmeaastane aniisi aroomiga rohttaim sarikaliste sugukonnast. Taim kasvab kuni 2,5 m kõrguseks. Vars on õõnes, püstine ja sinakasroheline, peenikeste vagudega. Lehed sulgjagused, jaod niitjad. Õisik on paljuõieline liitsarikas. Peasarikal õisikuraage 6–29(–40). Osasarikal õisi 14–39, õieraod 2-10 mm pikad. Katiselehed puuduvad. Õis aktinomorfne, õiekate lihtne, viietine. Õiekroon kollane, kroonlehed kuni 1 mm läbimõõduga. Vili on kaheosaline kuiv lõhisvili. [1,2]
Levila
Taim pärineb Vahemere rannikualadelt, kuid on laialdaselt naturaliseerunud paljudes maailma osades, eriti kuivadel muldadel mereäärsel rannikuvööndil ja jõekallastel. [3]
Toime ja kasutamine
Võrsemugul sisaldab suhkruid, tärklist, valke, mineraalainetest kaltsiumi-, kaaliumi-, fosfori- ja rauasooli ning vitamiinidest provitamiini A, B1-, B2- ja C- ning E-vitamiini; viljad ja lehed sisaldavad eeterlikke õlisid, peale selle rasvõli, valkaineid ja veidi suhkrut. Fenkol mõjub söögiisu tõstvalt ja seedimist soodustavalt. Mugula söömine parandab ainevahetust, erinevates teesegudes saab lehti ja seemneid kasutada näiteks külmetuse puhul ja neerutegevuse reguleerijana. Hariliku apteegitilli lehti, varsi, mugulaid ja vilju on kasutatud pikka aega mitmesuguste haiguslike seisundite korral paljude riikide rahvameditsiinis. Apteegitilli saadusi on kasutatud kõhuvalude korral, antiemeetikumina, artriidi, vähktõve, väikelaste gaasivalude, konjuktiviidi, kõhukinnisuse, mürgistuste, kõhulahtisuse, palaviku, täiskasvanute gaasivaevuste, maovalude, gastriidi, unetuse, soole ärritussündroomi, neeruvaevuste, diureesi, leukorröa, maksavalude ja suuhaavandite korral, ka menstruatsiooni vereeritust soodustava aine (emmenagoog) ja lahtistina. [2-4]
Kasutatud allikad
1. WFO (2024): Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000691487. Accessed on: 05 Jan 2024
2. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, December 23). Dill. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 05:46, January 5, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dill&oldid=1191468654
3. Shamkant B. Badgujar, Vainav V. Patel, Atmaram H. Bandivdekar, "Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology", BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 842674, 32 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/842674
4. Ravalepik, A. (n.d.). Fenkol ehk apteegitill ravib edukalt hingamisteede haigusi ja kiirendab ainevahetust. Alkeemia. Retrieved from https://alkeemia.delfi.ee/artikkel/72510273/fenkol-ehk-apteegitill-ravib-edukalt-hingamisteede-haigusi-ja-kiirendab-ainevahetust