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/ Tallinna Tervishoiu Kõrgkool / Harilik loorberipuu

Harilik loorberipuu

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Harilik loorberipuu 1

Bay tree

Classification (APG IV)
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae
Genus: Laurus
Species: Bay tree -  Laurus nobilis L.

Botanical Description
The common bay tree belongs to the Lauraceae family and the genus Laurus. It is an aromatic, evergreen tree or large shrub that can grow 7–18 meters tall. The bark is dark brown. Its twigs are rounded and grooved; young twigs are hairy to almost smooth. The leaf arrangement is alternate, with petioles that are purplish-red when fresh, 0.7–1 cm long, sparsely hairy, or nearly smooth. The leaves are simple and entire. Leaf blades are greenish-gray underneath and darker on top, oblong or oblong-lanceolate in shape, measuring 5.5–12 × 1.8–3.2 cm, leathery, and smooth on both sides. The leaf base is wedge-shaped, the margins are slightly wavy, and the tip is sharp or tapered. Flowers are few and grouped in clusters in the leaf axils. The flowers are unisexual, with a pedicel up to 7 mm long, sparsely hairy or almost smooth. The perianth is simple and four-parted. The corolla is fused, with a hairy corolla tube and ovate lobes. The small, black, berry-like fruit is about 1 cm long and contains a single seed. [1]

Habitat
Naturally, the plant grows in the tropical and subtropical Himalayan mountains at altitudes of 900–2500 meters above sea level. It is also found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Australia, on Pacific islands, and in South Asia. It is cultivated mainly in warm climates, such as Southern Europe and along the Mediterranean coast. Turkey, Algeria, France, Greece, Morocco, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Mexico, Central and South America are commercial production centers of the common bay tree. [3]

Effects and Usage
The dried leaves and essential oil of the bay tree are used as spices and flavorings in cooking, especially in France. [2,3] Dried leaves are often included in marinades. Bay leaves have a more intense flavor and aroma when briefly burned on a hot stovetop or in a flame before adding them to food.

The essential oil extracted from the plant's leaves has antiparasitic, antioxidant, insecticidal, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antispasmodic, acaricidal, and cytotoxic properties. Additionally, the essential oil is used in perfumery and soap production. [3]

In Iranian traditional medicine, bay leaves were used to treat epilepsy, neuralgia, and parkinsonism. The leaves and flowers are known to have aromatic, stimulating, and narcotic properties. When taken enterally, the leaves are used to alleviate gastrointestinal issues such as bloating and act as a diuretic. Parenterally, the essential oil relieves hemorrhoids, rheumatic pain, and fungal infections, such as athlete’s foot, due to its antifungal properties. [2]

References
1. WFO (2024): Laurus nobilis L. Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000364153. Accessed on: 06 Jan 2024
2. Caputo, L., Nazzaro, F., Souza, L. F., Aliberti, L., De Martino, L., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., De Feo, V. (2017). Laurus nobilis: Composition of Essential Oil and Its Biological Activities. Molecules, 22(6), 930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060930 (04.10.2023).
3. Chahal, K., Kaur, M., Bhardwaj, U., Singla, N., Kaur, A. (2017). A review on chemistry and biological activities of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4), 1153–1161. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2017/vol6issue4/PartQ/6-4-18-817.pdf (04.10.2023).
4. Rodrigues de Moraes, P. L. (2013). The collections of Laureaceae in the herbarium of Henri van Heurck (AWH). Plant Ecology and Evolution, 146(3), 360–383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2013.859 (04.10.2023).

Harilik loorberipuu

Süstemaatiline kuuluvus (APG IV)
Riik: Taimed (Plantae)
Klaad: Soontaimed (Tracheophyta)
Klaad: Katteseemnetaimed (Angiospermae)
Klaad: Magnoliidid (Magnoliids)
Selts: Loorberipuulaadsed (Laurales)
Sugukond: Loorberilised (Lauraceae)
Perekond: Loorberipuu (Laurus)
Liik: Harilik loorberipuu - Laurus nobilis L.

Botaaniline kirjeldus
Harilik loorberipuu on loorbeliste sugukonda loorberipuu perekonda kuuluv aromaatne igihaljas puu või suur põõsas, mis võib kasvada 7 – 18 m kõrguseks. Puu koor on mustjaspruuni värvi. Oksakesed on ümarad ja soonilised; noored oksad on karvased kuni peaaegu paljad. Leheseis on vahelduv; leherootsud on värskena lillakaspunased, 0,7–1 cm pikkused, hõredalt karvased või peaaegu paljad. Leht on terve servaga lihtleht. Lehelabad on alaküljelt rohekashallid ja pealt tumedamad, piklikud või piklik-lantsetja kujuga, mõõtmetega 5,5–12 × 1,8–3,2 cm, nahkjad, mõlemalt küljelt paljad. Lehe alus on kiilukujuline, serv kergelt lainjas ja tipp terav või teritunud. Õied vähearvuliselt kobarates lehtede kaenaldes. Õied ühesoolised. Õieraag kuni 7 mm pikk, hõredalt karvane või peaaegu paljas. Õiekate lihtne, neljatine. Kroon liitlehine; krooniputk karvane; hõlmad munajad. Väike, must ja marjataoline vili on umbes 1 cm pikkune ning sisaldab ühte seemet. [1]

Levila
Looduslikult kasvab taim troopilisel ja subtroopilisel Himaalaja mäestikul 900 – 2500 m kõrgusel merepinnast. Samuti on leitud troopilistel ja subtroopilistel Aasia ning Austraalia aladel, Vaikse ookeani saartel ja Lõuna-Aasias. Kultiveeritakse valdavalt sooja kliimaga aladel, nagu Lõuna-Euroopas ja Vahemere rannikul. Türgi, Alžeeria, Prantsusmaa, Kreeka, Maroko, Hispaania, Portugal, Belgia, Mehhiko, Kesk- ja Lõuna-Ameerika on hariliku loorberipuu kaubanduslikud tootmiskeskused. [3]

Toime ja kasutamine
Loorberipuu kuivatatud lehti ja eeterliku õli kasutatakse vürtsi- ja maitseaineina toiduvalmistamisel, seda eriti Prantsusmaal [2,3]. Kuivataud lehti kasutatakse tihti marinaadide koostises. Intensiivsema maitse ja lõhna annab loorberileht, kui seda enne toidule lisamist kuumal pliidiraual või leegis mõni sekund põletada.

Taime lehtedest saadud eeterlik õli on parasiidivastane, antioksüdantne, insektitsiidne, bakteri-, viiruse- ja seenevastane, krambivastane, akaritsiidne ja tsütotoksiline. Lisaks kasutatakse eeterliku õli parfümeerias ja seepide valmistamisel. [3]

Loorberipuu lehti kasutati Iraani rahvameditsiinis epilepsia, närvivalu ja parkinsonismi raviks. Lehtedel ja õitel on teada olevat aromaatsed, ergutavad ja uimastavad omadused. Enteraalselt manustatuna kasutatakse taime lehti seedetraktivaevuste, nagu kõhupuhituse leevendamiseks, lisaks toimib see diureetikuna. Parenteraalselt leevendab eeterlik õli hemorroide, reumaatilisi valusid ning tänu seenevastastele omadustele kasutatakse ka jala seenhaiguste raviks. [2]

Kasutatud kirjanudus
1. WFO (2024): Laurus nobilis L. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000364153. Accessed on: 06 Jan 2024
2. Caputo, L., Nazzaro, F., Souza, L. F., Aliberti, L., De Martino, L., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., De Feo, V. (2017). Laurus nobilis: Composition of Essential Oil and Its Biological Activities. Molecules, 22(6), 930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060930 (04.10.2023).
3. Chahal, K., Kaur, M., Bhardwaj, U., Singla, N., Kaur, A. (2017). A review on on chemistry and biological activities of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4), 1153–1161. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2017/vol6issue4/PartQ/6-4-18-817.pdf (04.10.2023).
4. Rodrigues de Moraes, P. L. (2013). The collections of Laureaceae in the herbarium of Henri van Heurck (AWH). Plant Ecology and Evolution, 146(3), 360–383.DOI: https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2013.859 (04.10.2023).