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Aedkannike ehk võõrasema

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Garden pansy

Classification (APG IV)
KingdomPlantae
CladeTracheophytes
CladeAngiosperms
CladeEudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
FamilyViolaceae
GenusViola
Species: Pansy - Viola X wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. & Buttler

Botanical description
The pansy is a cultivated hybrid of the Altai violet (Viola altaica), yellow violet (Viola lutea), and field pansy (Viola tricolor). There are many cultivars of the pansy grown in ornamental horticulture. The plant can grow up to 23 cm in height. The stem is entirely leafy. The basal leaves are rounded or heart-shaped, while the stem leaves are elongated or oval. The leaf margins are generally serrated.

Pansies typically have large, zygomorphic flowers, with their diameter varying depending on the cultivar, usually ranging from 5 to 8 cm. The perianth consists of two whorls with five parts each. The sepals are green, pointed at the tip, and smaller than the corolla. The corolla consists of two slightly overlapping upper petals, two lateral petals, and one lower petal. The petals are usually white or yellow, lilac, or blue, with some cultivars displaying multicolored patterns.

The flower contains five stamens with short filaments, pressed against the ovary. The style is thickened at the top. The flower has a superior ovary with three placentas and numerous ovules. The fruit is a capsule containing many small seeds that are dispersed by the pressure created when the capsule dries and contracts. [1,2]

Distribution
The plant originates from temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It prefers sunny to partially shaded locations and well-drained soil. Pansies are popular for their long blooming period, which typically lasts throughout the entire growing season, from early spring to late autumn. The plant reproduces via seeds and is resistant to lower temperatures, making it suitable for early spring planting outdoors. [1-3]

Effects and usage
Pansy flowers are edible and have a mild, slightly sweet taste. They can be used as garnishes for dishes, in salads, or as decorations for cakes and desserts. The chemical composition of pansies includes mainly phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins, including quercetin, isorhamnetin, and apigenin glycosides, as well as cyanidin and its glycosides. Additionally, they contain carotenoids, with lutein being the dominant compound. [4] The chemical composition of flowers varies depending on their color. [5]

Pansies are not used as medicinal plants. Instead, their relatives, such as the field violet (Viola arvensis), wild violet (Viola odorata), and sweet violet (Viola tricolor), are used in herbal medicine, where the aerial parts are collected during flowering. These species contain rutin, which is found in the leaves at concentrations of up to 0.13% during flowering. Violets also contain flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oils, saponins, and vitamin C. The herb of Viola tricolor is used for treating psoriasis, abscesses, acne, and skin wounds. Poultices and baths made from violet tea help relieve skin irritation and have been used to treat weeping eczema. [6,7]

References
1. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, September 22). Pansy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/pansy-plant
2. Diderot, D. (2013, April 15). Viola, pansy. In Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0002.251
3. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, September 14). Pansy. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pansy&oldid=1175376919
4. González-Barrio, R., Periago, M. J., Luna-Recio, C., Francisco Javier Garcia-Alonso, & Navarro-González, I. (2018). Chemical composition of the edible flowers, pansy (Viola wittrockiana) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) as new sources of bioactive compounds. Food Chemistry, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.102
5. da Silva, L. A., Fischer, S. Z., & Zambiazi, R. C. (2020). Proximal composition, bioactive compounds content and color preference of Viola × Wittrockiana flowers. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 22, 100236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100236
6. Niiberg, T., & Aomets, M. (2017, May 18). Pansy is a spice for Slavs and a delicacy for the French. Postimees. Retrieved from https://maaelu.postimees.ee/4116365/voorasema-on-slaavlastele-viinavurts-ja-prantslastele-maiusroog
7. Kozicka, M., & Hallmann, E. (2023). Identification and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Organic and Conventional Edible Pansy Flowers (Viola × wittrockiana) and Their Antioxidant Activity. Plants, 12(6), 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061264

Aedkannike ehk võõrasema

Süstemaatiline kuuluvus (APG IV)
Riik: Taimed (Plantae)
Klaad: Soontaimed (Tracheophyta)
Klaad: Katteseemnetaimed (Angiospermae)
Klaad: Päriskaheidulehelised (Eudicotyledonae)
Selts: Malpiigialaadsed (Malpighiales)
Sugukond: Kannikeselised (Violaceae)
Perekond: Kannike (Viola)
Liik: Võõrasema - Viola X wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. & Buttler

Botaaniline kirjeldus
Võõrasema on altai kannikese, kollase kannikese ja aaskannikese kultiveeritav hübriid. Võõrasemal on palju kultivare, mida kasvatatakse iluaianduses. Taim võib kasvada kuni 23 cm kõrguseks. Vars on üleni lehistunud. Juurmised lehed on ümarad või südajad, varrele kinnituvad lehed aga piklikud või ovaalsed. Lehe serv on enamasti täkiline.

Võõrasemal on tavaliselt suured sügomorfsed õied, mille läbimõõt varieerub sõltuvalt kultivarist. Tavaliselt on need läbimõõduga 5 - 8 cm. Õiekate on kaheli, viietine. Tupplehed on rohelised, teritunud tipuga ja õiekroonist väiksemad. Krooni moodustavad kaks veidi kattuvat ülemist kroonlehte, kaks külgmist kroonlehte ning üks alumine kroonleht. Kroonlehed on tavaliselt valged või kollased, lillakad või sinised; esineb ka mitmevärvilisi sorte. 

Õies on viis lühikese tolmukaniidiga tolmukat, mis on surutud vastu sigimikku. Emakakael on ülaltpoolt paksenenud. Õiel on ülemine sigimik, milles on kolm platsentat ja palju seemnealgmeid. Viljaks on kupar, kus on palju väikeseid seemneid, mis paiskuvad selle viljalehtede kokku kuivamisel tekkinud surve tõttu laiali. [1,2]

Levila
Taimed on pärit põhjapoolkera parasvöötme aladelt. Taim eelistab päikesepaistelist kuni poolvarjulisi kasvukohta ja hästi läbilaskvat pinnast. Võõrasema on populaarne oma pika õitsemisperioodi tõttu, mis kestab tavaliselt terve vegetatsiooniperioodi, külmade minekust tulekuni. Taim paljuneb seemnete kaudu ning on vastupidav madalamatele temperatuuridele, mistõttu sobib taime ka varakevadel õue istutada. [1-3]

Toime ja kasutamine
Võõrasema õied on söödavad ja maheda, kergelt magusa maitsega. Neid saab kasutada roogade garneeringuna, salatites või kookide ja magustoitude kaunistamiseks. Võõrasemas leiduvate ühendite hulka kuuluvad peamiselt fenoolsed ühendid, sealhulgas flavonoidid ja antotsüaniinid nagu kvertsetiin, isoramnetiin ja apigeniin glükosiidid ning tsüaniidiin ja glükosiidid. Lisaks sisaldavad need karotenoide, mille hulgas on domineerivaks ühendiks luteiin. [4] Õite keemiline koostis on erinevat värvi õitega võõrasemadel varieeruv.  [5]

Võõrasema ravimtaimena ei kasutata. Ravimtaimedena kasutatakse aas-, põld- ja lõhnavat kannikest, kelle puhul korjatakse õitsemise ajal maapealset osa ehk ürti. Peamiseks toimeaineks on nimetatud liikidel rutiin, mida leidub lehtedes õitsemisajal kuni 0,13%. Lisaks sisaldavad kannikesed flavonoide, karotinoide, eeterlikke õlisid, saponiine ja C-vitamiini. Aaskannikese ürti kasutatakse psoriaasi, paisete, vinnide ja nahahaavade raviks. Kannikeseteest valmistatud mähised ja vannid leevendavad nahahaiguste sügelust ning neid on kasutatud vesise ekseemi puhul. [6,7]

Kasutatud allikad
1. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, September 22). pansy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/pansy-plant
2. Diderot, D. (2013, April 15). Viola, pansy. In Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0002.251
3. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, September 14). Pansy. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pansy&oldid=1175376919
4. González-Barrio, R., Periago, M. J., Luna-Recio, C., Francisco Javier Garcia-Alonso, & Navarro-González, I. (2018). Chemical composition of the edible flowers, pansy (Viola wittrockiana) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) as new sources of bioactive compounds. Food Chemistry, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.102
5. da Silva, L. A., Fischer, S. Z., & Zambiazi, R. C. (2020). Proximal composition, bioactive compounds content and color preference of Viola x Wittrockiana flowers. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 22, 100236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100236
6. Niiberg, T., & Aomets, M. (2017, Mai 18). Võõrasema on slaavlastele viinavürts ja prantslastele maiusroog. Postimees. Retrieved from https://maaelu.postimees.ee/4116365/voorasema-on-slaavlastele-viinavurts-ja-prantslastele-maiusroog​``【oaicite:0】``​.
7. Kozicka, M., & Hallmann, E. (2023). Identification and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Organic and Conventional Edible Pansy Flowers (Viola × wittrockiana) and Their Antioxidant Activity. Plants, 12(6), 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061264